Background This study set out to offer a three-dimensional description of scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) of healthy subjects during arm elevation and lowering, as well as to ...

2 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 4 Department of Physical ...

Scapular kinematics and muscle activity are fundamental aspects of shoulder function and rehabilitation. The scapula serves not only as a base for multiple muscular attachments but also as a dynamic ...

The scapula has its own set of joint actions: The shoulder girdle has a set of joint actions specific to motion of the scapula. Although this may seem like just another set of confusing terms to ...

Here are a few fitness terms you might hear at a gym, in a fitness video, or from a physiotherapist: protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression. Add to this the upward rotation, and a downward ...